What Does It Stand For in Chemistry?

What Does It Stand For in Chemistry?When you are starting to learn about chemistry, it is best to familiarize yourself with the basics and learn the names of all the chemicals. By the time you finish your coursework, you will be able to understand the difference between one substance and another.Alcohols are considered simple substances because they are made up of carbon and hydrogen. For example, ethyl alcohol is made up of one carbon atom and two hydrogen atoms. Some drugs have alcohol in them, because it has a hypnotic effect. If you overdose on alcohol, it can cause hallucinations. Most of the times, the alcohol is used as a solvent in biological processes such as the cooking of food, or the bleaching of paper.The next substance that we will discuss is basic, which is a chemical that can be found naturally in the body. In fact, it is found in the fat in our bodies. It is used as a body temperature regulator to regulate the temperature of the body. In addition, it also helps the b ody absorb other elements easily. You can use bile salts from Bile Salt Water and use it for your diet.The next chemical that you will learn about is a natural. This is a substance that has no side effects. If you are allergic to some things, natural may be the way to go. Apart from this, it helps in the absorption of oxygen in the blood stream. Apart from this, it is also used as a catalyst for the reactions in a reaction.The next chemical that you will want to learn about is a neutral. This chemical is made up of two chemical elements. The first element is usually iron and the second element is sulfur. It can also be referred to as a nonpolar compound. This compound can be found in many foods and is even used in foods that are acidic such as fruits.The next chemical that you should know about is nonpolar. This is a compound that is very common and has the ability to join with any other chemical element such as iron and bile salts to make it a nonpolar compound. It can be used to c ook and can also be used in the water supply to ensure that there is no contamination. Due to its ability to cause contamination, it is always recommended that nonpolar is not to be used in public water supplies.The last thing that you need to know about is organic. This is a compound that can be described as a neutral, but can also be considered to be polar. However, if organic is used as a reaction catalyst, it has been found to increase the rate of production of energy in the body. It can also be used as a form of medicine. Also, organic can be described as a food additive that is used in the production of food products.When you are studying about chemistry, you will know what does it stand for in chemistry. All of these chemicals are important to the science of chemistry.

What Should You Know About Getting A Construction Supervisor License?

What Should You Know About Getting A Construction Supervisor License?If you're interested in becoming a construction supervisor or are already in one, it is important to obtain a construction supervisor license before continuing on with your career. In the United States, each state has its own state agency which regulates construction supervisors. As you prepare to obtain your license, you'll have to complete a training course that will help you qualify. A construction supervisor license means that you will be responsible for supervising the construction of any building or other structure within the state in which you hold a license.There are a number of different courses that are available and you will need to complete the same type of course in order to qualify for your license. You will first need to take a survey program, followed by an occupational safety program, and finally a fire fighting course. If you are interested in starting a construction business or if you are currentl y working in the construction industry, you may be required to complete an additional training course as well. The programs offered are usually either one-year courses or two-year courses, and although they don't offer the same career opportunities as an actual construction supervisor license, they can give you some knowledge about different construction techniques and safety procedures that are usually not taught during the survey program.The survey program will require that you go through basic education that includes classes on safety, construction, and environmental considerations. These classes will help you learn all about public works and how they work. Once you've learned the basics, you will have to take a series of practical and theoretical training programs that will be based on the kinds of construction you are going to be doing. Your training program will include topics such as designing projects, getting permits, and coordinating the construction process.The occupation al safety program will teach you all about health and safety regulations for construction sites. This includes environmental rules, standards for workers, and how to ensure the health and safety of the employees. It also includes materials handling, safety for workers and equipment, construction inspection, and other topics you need to know about in order to become a construction supervisor. One other important topic that will be covered is the appropriate use of tools.You will have to complete your survey program prior to applying for your license, and once you have completed this, you will need to complete the occupational safety program. This is because it will have to be the first thing you learned in order to get your construction supervisor license. It is very important that all supervisors are familiar with the guidelines and regulations set forth by the state's licensing agency.The other reason why you will need to get your construction supervisor license is because the requ irement states that you have to make sure that all workers on the job are covered under the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). OSHA standards are designed to protect workers against specific health risks and this includes making sure that they are protected from airborne dust and toxic substances.It is also important to remember that you need to get your construction supervisor license in order to provide work protection for yourself and others on the job. Getting your license will give you a higher degree of safety for everyone that you work with.

Basic Scale Theory for Guitarists

Basic Scale Theory for Guitarists Become a Guitarist by Learning Your Scales ChaptersThe Chromatic Scale for the GuitarThe Major Scale on the GuitarThe Minor Scale on the GuitarImprovising with the Pentatonic Scale on the Guitar“Music is the wine that fills the cup of silence.” - Robert FrippMusic is a part of almost every Brit’s daily life.  When we’re happy, we play happy music.Or is it that playing music makes us happy?In either case, your guitar playing should be your main priority.But before you start playing your guitar, you’ll need to work on a few scales and basic chords in order to make your life easier. In fact, by learning scales, you'll better understand each guitar chord, chord progressions, learn to play licks, and become a master of music theory.Here are a few of the most common scales that every guitar player should learn. PeterGuitar Teacher £12/h1st lesson free!Discover all our tutors EdgarGuitar Teacher 5.00 (8) £30/h1st lesson free!Discover all our tutors PaulGuitar Teacher 5.00 (12) £18/h1st lesson free!Discover all our tut ors DanielGuitar Teacher 5.00 (3) £40/h1st lesson free!Discover all our tutors ToddGuitar Teacher 4.75 (4) £35/h1st lesson free!Discover all our tutors SamueleGuitar Teacher 5.00 (5) £20/h1st lesson free!Discover all our tutors KurtGuitar Teacher 5.00 (3) £20/h1st lesson free!Discover all our tutors RyanGuitar Teacher £30/h1st lesson free!Discover all our tutorsThe Chromatic Scale for the GuitarThe chromatic scale is a scale with all 12 pitches, each a semitone apart: C, C#, D, D#, E, F, F#, G, G#, A, A#, B, C.Working on scales is essential if you want to progress. (Source: Abiris)The chromatic scale is played on the guitar using each of the frets. However, playing it in its entirety isn’t much use on its own. Playing three or four consecutive notes this guitar scale can sometimes be useful before a beginner guitar lesson.Playing a chromatic scale will have you systematically playing each fret on a given string from the low notes to the high notes. You can go up and down strings as well if you play the 5th fret (index finger), 6th fret (middle finger), 7th fret (ring finger), 8th fret (pinky).Low E stringA stringD stringG stringB stringHigh E stringUse a metronome to improve your rhythm and timing as you play the notes. The plectrum should follow a back and forth motion as this gives your playing the typical sound that the guitar will usually have.The positioning of your left hand (or right hand if you’re left-handed) is key when it comes to doing these kinds of exercises. Your thumb needs to be placed on the back of the neck with your wrist slightly bent and your fingers curved towards the fretboard.As we said, the chromatic scale isn’t very useful when it comes to playing songs. It’s not very melodic like a major scale or a pentatonic scale.On the other hand, there are a few advantages to it:Warming up: it’s a good idea for when you want to gently warm up before playing.Working on your technique: it’s good for improving your flexibility, the strength of your fingers, coordination, and precision.Adding nuance when you improvise: adding the chromatic scale can sometimes be a useful addition when going between scales and allows you to add more harmonious and pleasant transitions. It can make you more creative.Don’t forget about the chromatic scale as you can use it throughout your entire “career” as a guitarist whether you’re playing an electric guitar, acoustic guitar, or an electro-acoustic guitar. If you've just started playing the guitar, this is a great one for warming up and working on your improvisation.The Major Scale on the GuitarThere are plenty of scales you can play when you first learn guitar and a lot of them might seem quite difficult. However, some of them are essential!Not so fast! You'll get there. You just need to be patient. (Source: jukazek04)If you take guitar lessons London or private tutorials, you’re bound to run into the major scale. Even if you’re not taking lessons, you should s tart with it! It’s the most common scale for musicians to learn.The C major scale is all the naturals, C, D, E, F, G, A, B, C. It’s easy on a piano as it’s all the white notes.  It’s also a diatonic scale.To play the major scale with other notes, you should learn its structure and the intervals between each note. Like a maths formula, learning the intervals can help you to transpose the scale anywhere on your guitar.I to II: A tone.II to III: A tone.III to IV: A semitone.IV to V: A tone.V to VI: A tone.VI to VII: A tone.VII to I: A semitone.You could also remember it like this:1T - 1T - 0.5T - 1T - 1T - 1T - 0.52 - 2 - 1 - 2 - 2 - 2 - 1The second might be more useful for guitarists as it’ll indicate how many frets between two notes on the scale.  To stay true to the intervals on the major scale in other keys, you’ll often have to include sharps and flats when you’re playing.To work on the major scale, here’s some important advice:Start off slowly with the help of a m etronome at a very low tempo.There are seven positions in the major scale: make sure you’ve mastered one position before trying to learn the next one.Learn to read a scale diagram in order to learn to learn scales and the different positions more quickly.For the first position of the major scale, here’s how to place your fingers.Low E string: index finger on the 8th fret, middle finger on the 10th fret, pinky on the 12th fret.A string: index finger on the 8th fret, middle finger on the 10th fret, pinky on the 12th fret.D string: index finger on the 9th fret, middle finger on the 10th fret, pinky on the 12th fret.G string: index finger on the 9th fret, middle finger on the 10th fret, pinky on the 12th fret.B string: index finger on the 10th fret, ring finger on the 12th fret, pinky on the 13th fret.High E string: index finger on the 10th fret, ring finger on the 12th fret, pinky on the 13th fret.The Minor Scale on the GuitarThe minor scale is arguably the second most important sc ale along with the major scale.When you work on your scales, you'll improve several aspects of your playing. (Source: Samueles)It was constructed as a solution to difficulties found in vocal music. What makes a minor scale is the third interval. There are three semitones between tonic and the third in a minor scale and four in a major scale.There are several different types of minor scales: natural or relative, harmonic, and melodic. The three types of minor scales are very similar and only a few elements differ between each one.  Minor scales aren’t ideal for beginners, especially on the guitar.You should have mastered the major scale and the pentatonic scale before you start trying to tackle minor scales on the guitar as they’re harder than the former two.The Natural/Relative Minor ScaleThis is the most common one and it's made up of seven notes. Each major scale has a corresponding relative minor scale which includes all the same notes.Here’s its structure:1T - 0.5T - 1T - 1T - 0.5T - 1T - 1T2 - 1 - 2 - 2 - 1 - 2 - 2The relative minor for C major is A minor: A, B, C, D, E, F, G, A.The Minor Harmonic ScaleIf you want to compose or improvise, the harmonic minor scale is essential for various styles of music including blues, rock, pop, jazz, etc.  To remember it, you should start with the natural minor scale. It’s exactly the same apart from the seventh is a semitone higher.Here’s its structure:1T - 0.5T - 1T - 1T - 0.5T - 1.5T - 0.5T2 - 1 - 2 - 2 - 1 - 3 - 1The Minor Melodic ScaleThe minor melodic scale is the most complicated of the three to master.  You have to start off with the harmonic scale to construct it. It’s the same but the sixth is augmented by a semitone.The structure changes again:1T - 0.5T - 1T - 1T - 1T - 1T - 0.5T2 - 1 - 2 - 2 - 2 - 2 - 1You could also start off with the minor natural scale and alter both the sixth and seventh notes.  To really master the three minor scales, it’s recommended that you learn how to transpose them. Why not get guitar tutorials to help you with this?Improvising with the Pentatonic Scale on the GuitarThe pentatonic scale is regularly used in rock music and especially in solos. It’s sometimes referred to as the rock scale or the solo scale.Most rock guitarists love the pentatonic scale! (Source: StockSnap)Penta means five and tonic means note. There are, therefore, 5 notes in the pentatonic scale.The pentatonic scale is easy to learn and to play and it’s used in a lot of different musical styles including pop, rock, blues, and reggae.There are two types of pentatonic scales, the major pentatonic and the minor pentatonic scales.  However, guitarists regularly refer to the minor pentatonic as the pentatonic scale.Here’s its structure:I to III: Three semitones.III to IV: A tone.IV to V: A tone.V to VII: Three semitones.VII to I: A tone.The II and VI degrees aren’t part of the pentatonic scale.1.5T - 1T - 1T - 1.5T - 1T3 - 2 - 2 - 3 - 2You can play the pentatonic scale in var ious ways: either on a single string or using one of the five positions and starting from the tonic of your choice.  The major pentatonic scale is just a minor pentatonic scale that starts on the third.Here’s its structure:1T - 1T - 1.5T - 1T - 1.5T2 - 2 - 3 - 2 - 3It’s a major scale because there are two full tones between the tonic and the third.The pentatonic major scale is very close to the major scale and you work on them both to help you remember them, understand them, and become more comfortable using them when you improvise or transition between scales.To get good at using pentatonic scales, you should follow these tips:Don’t lift your fingers too far from the fretboard, this will help you improve the speed of your playing.Break down each scale and work on it slowly and methodically.Leave the previous finger on the fretboard when playing the next note and don’t take it off until the very last moment.The pentatonic scale will really help you when it comes to composing , improvising, and playing solos.As you can see, scales aren’t just for pianists, guitarists, whether they're playing blues guitar, jazz guitar, or rock guitar, can also work on them.The theory behind a scale will help you understand a chord progression, write riffs, and play guitar solos, melodies, and guitar licks. If you want to play guitar, there are plenty of useful online guitar resources with scales and other resources for an aspiring musician.

Understanding the Common Application

Understanding the Common Application The following piece was written by Rachel Korn. Rachel has been featured in ourAdmissions Expert seriesand is a former University of Pennsylvaniaadmissions officer, as well as the founder of her own admissions consulting firm. Your parents applied to colleges on paper: writing individual applications to each school, filling out the same kinds of forms over and over again, and then finally sending them by postal mail. Today, close to 500 schools use the Common Application, the online application that students can fill out just once and then send to multiple universities. Benefits: One of the primary goals of the Common Application is to assist with access schools want to help reduce environmental and emotional barriers that might prevent you from being able to apply. Therefore, they streamline the process for all, enabling the widest range of students to apply. A basic, easy application that can be sent to multiple schools at the click of a mouse encourages students with a smoother, faster process.It can feel a bit less intimidating. As a result, one of the achievements of the Common Application is that diversity, in every measurable way, has increased and that is a great thing. Moreover, application numbers have significantly risen for the schools, so they now have broader and larger applicant pools from which to select their incoming classes. Increasing the numbers and strength of these pools is a very top priority at every university. Challenges:On the other hand, that very rise in applications also makes it harder for the schools to predict if the students genuinely want to attend there. Admissions staffs want students who can potentially be recruited to attend. Therefore, schools may ask for additional supplemental essays to assess how much you have really researched them as well as to get to know you better. You see several versions of a why us? question in many supplemental essays, and it can be critical for you to answer it thoroughly in order to gain admission. The Common Application has also driven a more extensive use of waitlists. Schools waitlist more students these days since their old formulas of predicting how many admitted students would likely attend are no longer as accurate. Schools hold on to more students to make sure they can craft the classes they want with minimum offers of admission. You should also beware of the trap that you face of over-applying dont feel the need to apply to too many schools just because it is easy. A well-chosen, reasoned list of 5-8 schools should be plenty. You should have a strong passion for every application and complete each supplement with care. The Common Application is a terrific tool that has enabled wider, easier access to schools and in return, has helped the schools expand and enrich their applicant pools and student bodies. Overall, it is a strongwin-win. Visit RachelsAdmissions Consultingsite. The views expressed in this article do not necessarily represent the views of Varsity Tutors.

Planning Yoga Classes for Yoga Jobs

Planning Yoga Classes for Yoga Jobs Tips For Preparing Your Yoga Lessons and Yogi Tutor Jobs ChaptersKnow Your Yoga Students’ LevelLearning to Judge the Mood of Your Yoga GroupSequencing Your Yoga Classes: Breathing - Warming Up - Yoga Poses - RelaxationSetting Up Your Home Yoga SessionsFind The Right Lesson Structure for Your Yoga CoursesThis is it! You are finally a certified yoga professor. You have finished your training as a yogi and are ready to jump into the deep end and teach you first yoga lesson.But you still have a few lingering doubts about what your yoga classes should look like.Relax, it’s perfectly normal, especially if this is your first time teaching yoga.Because the goal of yoga is to achieve serenity in the face of daily chaos, we want to give you all the tools you will need to start out on the best possible foot.All so that you can teach your students and fellow practitioners the best way to relax and allow their worries to simply flow away.Let’s start with the basics for preparing your first yoga lesson. The time spend preparing might seem rather d iscouraging for some, but it is an essential step toward a seamless first lesson.For example, you might want to consider:Selecting a theme for your yoga classGood yoga classes near me should all focus on a specific theme. It can be as specific as attracting plenty or as simple as opening up your hips.Keeping a theme in mind helps you work out a coherent and inspiring lesson.You might want to introduce this theme at the beginning of class and circle backward, clearly emphasising how each of the poses are connected to the greater theme. You may even want to read an inspirational quote or propose a meditation.Choosing Your Yoga Poses: How To Establish a Constructive and Varied ProgrammeWhichever theme you end up choosing, you will need to offer a variety of poses over the course of your yoga lesson.For example:the Seated Forward Bend (Paschimottasana) = to strengthen your abdominal musclesthe Triangle (Utthita Trikonasana) = to slim your waistthe Fish pose (Matsyasana) = to improve you r breathingthe Bow pose (Dhanurasana) = to improve the function of the cerebral system.Some poses are not recommended for people suffering from certain injuries or illnesses, so make sure you adapt your asanas to your students’ needs.Timing: Stay Within the Time Limit for Your Yoga CoursesMost yoga studio lessons are about an hour long. Generally, the first ten minutes are dedicated to breathing exercises and some gentle stretches on the mat.The next 20 minutes will include flowing, dynamic sequences (Vinyasa Yoga) or poses maintained for 3 to 6 breaths (Hatha Yoga). For the next five minutes, you might choose to work intensively on the central pose of the lesson.You might then dedicate five more minutes to balance poses. Then go on to sitting or stretching poses for the next ten minutes. And the last ten minutes could be spent in meditation (in a seated pose, for example.)All these elements should be linked by soft transitions.Safety: your role is essentialBeyond a logical flow b etween the poses, you will want your students to be properly warmed up and prepared for each of the poses.You should never start a class with a Full Bow (Padangustha Dhanurasana) or Wheel (Urdhva Dhanurasana) without having previously properly warmed up the spinal cord.It is important for yoga teachers to understand human anatomy and the body’s limitations in order to ensure their student’s safety. If you are doing home yoga, it is imperative that you listen to your body and see how it reacts to certain postures.The following elements are essential to safe yoga practice:a yoga mat: for group sessions, you will be expected to provide them to your studentsa towel to put on the mata small blanket, useful for the final relaxation sequenceyoga Manchester, we are yoga mad.

The Mongol Empire

The Mongol Empire Who was Genghis Khan, and What was His Empire? ChaptersWhen and Where was the Mongol Empire?The Origins of the Mongol EmpireMongolian Government and PowerThe Achievements of the Mongolian EmpireThe Mongol Empire in DeclineConclusion.The Mongolian Empire owes its fame really to Genghis Khan, a man whose legend is based on the fact that he once killed over a million people in an hour and begot so many children that there are now sixteen million male descendants of his alive today.But, besides the former figure being physically impossible, there is so much more to the Mongols than the figure of this violent and philandering man. Their imperial success was such that they conquered and ruled the largest contiguous land empire in history, which stretched from cities such as Beijing on the Pacific in the east to the Danube and the Persian Gulf in the west.You’ll find all the essential information on the Great Khan dynasty here. So, if you are studying the OCR A Level on Genghis Khan and the Explosion from the Steppes or if you are jus t interested in learning more about the nomadic tribes and warriors that helped to build the modern world, then keep reading and see what’s what.The Mongol Empire came from the Mongolian steppes. MarkHistory Teacher 5.00 (3) £25/h1st lesson free!Discover all our tutors JohnHistory Teacher 5.00 (8) £30/h1st lesson free!Discover all our tutors MarjotteHistory Teacher 5.00 (4) £35/h1st lesson free!Discover all our tutors ErinHistory Teacher £15/h1st lesson free!Discover all our tutors ChantelleHistory Teacher 5.00 (2) £17/h1st lesson free!Discover all our tutors AndriyHistory Teacher £25/h1st lesson free!Discover all our tutors PeterHistory Teacher £40/h1st lesson free!Discover all our tutors SerenaHistory Teacher £15/h1st lesson free!Discover all our tutorsWhen and Where was the Mongol Empire?So, back to old Genghis Khan â€" the man that created the Mongol Empire. He was born around 1162, probably in Dulüün-Boldog, a settlement near the modern Mongolian capital, Ulaanb aatar.We know that he led the Mongolian Empire to be the largest land empire ever, which, at its peak, covered a massive nine million square miles. The Mongols were primarily nomadic people â€" meaning that they didn’t have a specific permanent settlement â€" but, as the Empire grew, they developed capital cities in Karakhorum, in Avarga, and in Khanbaliq, the city that is now Beijing.Genghis Khan (or Chinggis Khan, depending on your preference) declared the start of the empire in 1206. After fifty years of incredible successes, the political system began to fragment. Throughout the end of the thirteenth century, the Empire slowly broke into four parts: the Golden Horde, the Yuan Dynasty, the Chagatai Khanate, and the Ilkhanate. By 1294, these different grouping were fairly stable.These systems would fight between each other and, due to their political independence, they each declined individually. The Yuan ceased to exist by 1368, and the Ilkhanate by 1375. The Chagatai Khanate c ollapsed in 1687 whilst the Golden Horde split into two parts â€" in Crimea and Kazakhstan â€" which ended in 1783 and 1874 respectively.The Mongol Empire was the largest contiguous land empire in history.The Origins of the Mongol EmpireBefore gaining the title of a Khan â€" or emperor â€" Genghis was known as Temüjin, and he came from a family of Khans who ruled a state considered to be the predecessor of the Mongol Empire.After many years of struggle between different tribes on the Mongolian plains, Genghis was able to unite them through conquest or alliance. The most important of these were the Merkits, Naimans, Keraites, Tatars, and Uyghurs â€" including some Turkish tribes.In 1206, Genghis gave himself the title of the Supreme Khan of all the Mongols and from this position of sole ruler set out to conquer the world. This specific ambition had been previously absent from Mongolian thought â€" and it is thought that the philosophy of a single ruler came from Chinese culture. Mar kHistory Teacher 5.00 (3) £25/h1st lesson free!Discover all our tutors JohnHistory Teacher 5.00 (8) £30/h1st lesson free!Discover all our tutors MarjotteHistory Teacher 5.00 (4) £35/h1st lesson free!Discover all our tutors ErinHistory Teacher £15/h1st lesson free!Discover all our tutors ChantelleHistory Teacher 5.00 (2) £17/h1st lesson free!Discover all our tutors AndriyHistory Teacher £25/h1st lesson free!Discover all our tutors PeterHistory Teacher £40/h1st lesson free!Discover all our tutors SerenaHistory Teacher £15/h1st lesson free!Discover all our tutorsMongolian Government and PowerBut Genghis Khan’s empire was not all about riding on horseback and declaring blood-brother pacts, as we now believe in the west. Rather, it needed â€" and it enjoyed â€" a system of government that could maintain its power over such a large area of land. Military VictoriesUnder Genghis’s request, armies were sent in all directions simultaneously, to fight on all the frontiers of th e Empire â€" and their almost constant victories gave them their bloodthirsty reputations. By 1220, the Mongols had conquered Central Asia from Siberia to Iran and Afghanistan. Parts of the Mongol armies continued into the Middle East, capturing Turkey, Syria, and Iraq â€" with a famous siege of Baghdad, the then capital of Islam, in 1258. They continued through Europe into Poland, Croatia, Hungary, Czech, and Austria â€" with Poland, Hungary, and Bulgaria devastated by 1242.All of these military campaigns led to a massive displacement of people. The family of Osman I, the first leader of the Ottoman Empire, was part of the migration of people fleeing the Mongols.ChinaOne of the Mongols’ main feats was the conquest of much of northern China â€" over a period of about sixty years. By 1279, when Kublai Khan â€" the fifth Great Khan â€" set up the Yuan dynasty in Khanbaliq, the whole of China came under the rule of a foreigner for the first time in history.Many of the Chinese people that were conquered were enlisted to fight in further Mongol invasions.Political PowerThe Mongolian political system was based around the sole leadership of the Khan, who was supported by his family. With such a diverse ethnic base â€" resulting from the lands which were conquered â€" loyalty to the one figure was enforced in order to diminish the potential for rebellion. Promotion, reward, and power were given on the basis of merit â€" and the aristocracies of the conquered territories were cast aside.The Mongolians are now known for one thing, besides being impressive warriors. That’s the religious freedom they promised to all the people that they conquered â€" from Buddhists to Muslims to Jews. The leaders of the different religious and ethnic groups were part of a council that tried to do justice to the particularities of each group.Across the stretch of the Mongol Empire, laws were defined by the Great Yassa â€" a text that has been lost to history, but that is thought to hav e had a semi-religious quality. This text defined behaviour, and many crimes were punishable by death. In one extreme example, if a soldier didn’t pick up something dropped by a person in front of him, he could be killed!And in what seems to be an incredibly modern pair of achievements, the Mongols had one of the earliest systems of international passports, as well as a messenger service â€" known as Yam â€" which was incredibly fast.The Mongol Empire was for a time based in Beijing, under Kublai Khan.The Achievements of the Mongolian EmpireTradeThe Mongolians strengthened and stabilised the famous Silk Road â€" the trade route linking east to west that stretched from Beijing and Shanghai to Anatolia. Tax exemptions were given to tradesmen and merchants who wanted to make use of this route â€" and Marco Polo, the famous Italian merchant, was one of the people to take advantage of this system. It is said that Polo was very impressed by the system of paper money that was in use thro ughout parts of the Mongol Empire.The Pax Mongolica â€" or the ‘Mongol Peace’ â€" was the period of peace that the continent enjoyed after the Mongolian conquests, and that benefited from the cultural and political stability that the unified empire offered. As the whole of the Silk Road was under Mongol rule, trade flourished and it spread huge amounts of technologies, resources, and culture from China to as far as Britain.Culture, Science, and TechnologyWhilst the Mongolian Empire is not known for the quality of its artistic artefacts â€" many of them now lost â€" it is understood that the Mongol aristocracy were very enthusiastic patrons of the arts in the territories under their control. Under Genghis, for example, architects, jewellers, and stone masons were all encouraged to move to the then capital, Karakhorum, to develop their art there.In the different parts of the Empire â€" in Afghanistan, in China under the Yuan dynasty, and in the Golden Horde â€" the Mongolian syste m and its peace provided the conditions under which artists could continue their work. It is thought that Genghis himself was very enthusiastic about studying the different cultures under his domain. One technology developed by the Mongols that proved to be essential for winning their large swathes of territory was the stirrup, which allowed Mongol cavalrymen to stand up on their horses!The Mongol Empire in DeclineSuccession and FragmentationAfter the death of the fourth Khan, Möngke â€" who left no heirs â€" in 1259, disputes over succession to the position of Emperor broke the empire into civil war. After the Toluid Civil War, which lasted until 1264, and a number of other wars, the empire fragmented into four separate entities.These were severely weakened and, over the centuries, different powers took advantage of this weakness. The Yuan dynasty was ultimately destroyed by the Chinese Ming (predecessors to the Qing Dynasty), whilst the Golden Horde was beaten by the Russian Empi re. The British Empire would ultimately defeat what was left of the Chagatai.Having moved from a nomadic lifestyle to a sedentary one, it is thought that the change in political system ultimately brought the downfall of the new Mongolian dynasties. The Golden Horde, the most nomadic of the four fragments, lasted the longest for this precise fact.PlagueThe Black Death is thought to have ravaged the Mongolian population, as it passed through the Silk Road trade route so quickly. The Ilkhanate Empire, for example, was destroyed by plague, as the Khan Abu Sa’id was killed by the disease, along with all of his sons. Following this, the Ilkhanate disintegrated rapidly.Conclusion.If you want to know more about the world's great empires, or about the Roman Empire, say, check out the rest of our series!

Tips Tricks to Learn German Fast

Tips Tricks to Learn German Fast Tips to Learn German How to Speak German ChaptersImmerse Yourself In German ConversationEnrol On a German CourseCarry A Pocket Dictionary At All TimesFocus On Key TerminologyTalk, Think Breathe GermanLanguage Learning: Starting From The BeginningIf you’ve set your sights on learning to speak German for one reason or another, it is important that you get real and remember that acquiring a second language isn’t going to happen overnight.Although the speed at which you pick up a language will be dependent on a variety of factors, like your susceptibility to picking up a foreign language, whether or not you take classes and which resources you use, there are ways that you can attempt to accelerate the process.I came across a polyglot blogger who suggests that German can be learnt to a very high level in just three months by immersing oneself in the language. By this, they mean plunging head first into German life and culture by setting up a 'mini Germany' in your home and changing your entire perspective on your usual surro undings.Ultimately, they explain that you must almost switch your mindset from being an English speaker to a German speaker, in order to truly reach the goal you have set out for yourself.Some examples of their proposed techniques are changing language settings on home and mobile devices, watching German-speaking movies or television channels (minus subtitles) and listening to German audio, such as Deutschland Funk radio.One tip is to change your language settings on mobile phones and other devices to German. Photo credit: William Hook via Visual hunt / CC BY-SAThough some of the proposed methods of self-teaching aren't completely achievable for many (for instance those living in a house with a number of dependents who may not have total control over their environment), more useful are their suggestions like trying to converse with native speakers from day one, focusing on the easy parts of the language first and foremost and using different learning techniques to memorise vocabula ry and phrases.One of their best pieces of advice, however, is to determine  from day one what your purpose for learning German is - as without a target you will fail miserably! SönkeGerman Teacher 5.00 (5) £30/h1st lesson free!Discover all our tutors ClaudiaGerman Teacher 4.89 (9) £20/h1st lesson free!Discover all our tutors SefaGerman Teacher £20/h1st lesson free!Discover all our tutors HilaryGerman Teacher 5.00 (16) £25/h1st lesson free!Discover all our tutors LisaGerman Teacher 5.00 (8) £20/h1st lesson free!Discover all our tutors ChrisGerman Teacher 5.00 (19) £39/h1st lesson free!Discover all our tutors WendyGerman Teacher 5.00 (2) £25/h1st lesson free!Discover all our tutors HowardGerman Teacher 5.00 (6) £20/h1st lesson free!Discover all our tutorsImmerse Yourself In German ConversationThe one and only way to really learn a language fast is to be a part of conversations, in this instance having discussions solely in German.You can listen to as much German radio as you please and watch as many movies as you have time for, but while hearing spoken German will significantly increase your understanding of the language, it won’t allow you to become advanced, and certainly not  fluent. You need to speak it in order to cement that relationship between comprehension and execution.Enrol On a German CourseSecondly, you can, if you’re not currently in education, enrol on courses to help you with your language learning. Courses taught by trained tutors, or even better by native speakers, can help you to get that extra interaction with the language that you need.Some german lessons are a good way to speed up your language acquisition as they require commitment and combine group lessons with independent study which means you must always make the effort to keep up with the pace set out by the course leader,You can also attend evening or weekend classes even if you are a pupil studying German at school, to help move you up a set or to help you keep u p with your existing group. SönkeGerman Teacher 5.00 (5) £30/h1st lesson free!Discover all our tutors ClaudiaGerman Teacher 4.89 (9) £20/h1st lesson free!Discover all our tutors SefaGerman Teacher £20/h1st lesson free!Discover all our tutors HilaryGerman Teacher 5.00 (16) £25/h1st lesson free!Discover all our tutors LisaGerman Teacher 5.00 (8) £20/h1st lesson free!Discover all our tutors ChrisGerman Teacher 5.00 (19) £39/h1st lesson free!Discover all our tutors WendyGerman Teacher 5.00 (2) £25/h1st lesson free!Discover all our tutors HowardGerman Teacher 5.00 (6) £20/h1st lesson free!Discover all our tutorsCarry A Pocket Dictionary At All TimesCarrying an English-German pocket dictionary around with you is  a good way to learn German, whether you are in Germany or simply walking around your house or hometown.If you see an object, a place or something else that catches your attention, you can look the word up in German and keep on adding to your fast-expanding vocabul ary. Similarly, when left to your own devices in Germany, you can easily translate unfamiliar words thanks to your dictionary and thus deepen your level of understanding of the language fast.Carry around a pocket dictionary so you can look up words in German as and when. Photo credit: jwyg via Visual hunt / CC BY-SAFocus On Key TerminologyThose who’ve done it themselves suggest finding out the 50 or 100 most commonly used words in German and learning them off by heart, being sure to practice constructing them into sentences.However, if you are faced with a conversation that forces you to use a bit of guesswork, don't hold back and do be prepared to say silly things â€" it really doesn’t matter! The person you are talking to will no doubt understand that you are still practicing and may even be able to help you to learn some new words or phrases. The fact that you are trying will go a long way in their book.Talk, Think Breathe GermanFinally, if you can’t find someone to talk t o in German, then don’t give up. Talk at your friends, family or colleagues in German (even if they don't understand you!) to help you to be more confident in the way you pronounce words and to help you to perfect the invividual sounds that German requires of you.Change the language on your mobile phone to German, find a German television channel to watch, talk to yourself in German even! You know you have really cracked the whole language learning thing when you start to be able to think in another language!Not all German classes have to be given in the classroom. Learn how to learn German by playing games and reading German newspapers and authors.Language Learning: Starting From The BeginningLearning to speak a language fast has many benefits, like the momentum that is built and the satisfaction of noticing huge improvements in language skills in short spaces of time. Yet, there are also many advantages to approaching language learning at a slower pace and starting from scratch with the basics.While German shares many similarities with English, it is important to remember that it is ultimately a language of its own with all new phonetics, grammar rules, vocabulary and much more to get to grips with. One should keep an open mind when considering studying German and not expect all of the words to bear some resemblance with English ones, as that is often not the case.Re-Learn Your AlphabetLearning a new language involves taking lots of baby steps and not becoming overwhelmed by all of the different things that must be learnt at once. Some of the very first simple steps to take towards acquiring a second language are to master the alphabet, which is particularly useful in German since its alphabet differs slightly.You may think that the alphabet is the same in nearly all first world languages, but there are in fact four more letters that make up the German alphabet. So, before you start leaning German, it is wise to up look at the alphabet and how each letter is pronounced phonetically to make sure that you are aware of how some of the individual letters sound when spoken by natives.Find a chart that gives you examples of how those sounds appear in German words, then that will take you one step closer to your goal of becoming a proficient German speaker.Gain An Understanding Of Key TerminologyAs previously mentioned, learning key words can be very helpful during the early stages of language learning, but how do you know which words are key and when to move onto the next level of terminology?Some websites offer lists of the most used words in the German dialect, based on various sources. If you intend to learn German because you will be travelling around Europe, you can also find lists tailored to the most common travel terminology, for example.Common First Categories For BeginnersOnce you have a feel for the language and the way it looks and sounds, you can move onto easy sentences, looking at how they fit together to form coherent phras es using nouns, verbs and adjectives.The most common areas of speech that you will probably pick up first are how to ask for directions, and the language required for basic tasks and actions like telling the time.Discover how to learn German through TV and film and perfect your German speaking with audiobooks and podcasts.The first things you will learn when studying German are basic scenarios like asking for directions. Photo credit: ? Georgie R via Visual Hunt / CC BY-NDInteresting fact: Don’t forget that the Germans tell the time differently too, looking ahead instead of back (very apt considering their reputation as being forward-thinking innovators!). For example, they will say it is half two, when we in English would say that it’s half one, or 1:30pm. In many ways, this makes complete sense because it is in fact half way through the second hour of the afternoon.Use Television And Radio To Enhance Your SkillsYou can begin to put your new skills into practice by watching mo vies and listening to radio or podcasts in German.Experts say that the first stages of language acquisition should involve a silent period whereby you are absorbing many aspects of language and experiencing a number of reactions to them, just like when you learnt to speak your first language as a toddler: i.e. interpreting, watching the way the mouth moves to make specific sounds, hearing the unfamiliar sounds, understanding the pace and highs and lows for emphasis, etc...Language learning app, DuoLingo, offers tips and advice for new German learners, which includes words of encouragement, like not to expect to be perfect straight away and to therefore be patient.Meanwhile, the specialist tool also provides suggestions to ease and accelerate learning such as finding a partner, listening to spoken German, practicing speaking with others and by reading aloud or talking to yourself as well as using flash cards and labelling your surroundings.No matter how you decide to approach your in dividual language-learning journey, there is one thing that stays constant, and that is the need to be motivated and to be prepared to put in effort.Learn German online with Superprof. And if your learning German, be sure to validate your German level with a certification in the German language.Learn German wherever you are with the help of Superprof tutors:learn German onlineGerman lessons LondonGerman courses Leeds